令

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See also: 今 and 命
令 U+4EE4, 令
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EE4
← 代
[U+4EE3] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 以 →
[U+4EE5]
令 U+F9A8, 令
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9A8
← 獵
[U+F9A7] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 囹 →
[U+F9A9]

Translingual[edit]

Traditional 令
Simplified 令
Japanese 令
Korean 令

Han character[edit]

令 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓戈 (OINI), four-corner 80307, composition ⿱亽龴(G) or ⿱亼龴(HTV) or ⿱亼𰆊(JK))

Derived characters[edit]

Stroke order
Traditional or simplified

Japanese or Korean

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 93, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 387
  • Dae Jaweon: page 198, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 111, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+4EE4

Chinese[edit]

trad. 令
simp. # 令

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 令
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script

j21073

j21074

j21075

j21076

j21077

j21078

j21079

j21080

j21081

j21082

j21083

j21084

j21085

j21086

j21087

j21088

j21089

j21090

j21091

j21092

j21093

j21094

j21095

j21096

j21097

j21098

j21099

j21100

j21101

j21102

j21103

j21104

j21105

j21106

j21107

j21108

j21109

j21110

j21111

j21112

j21113

j21114

j21115

j21116

j21117

j21118

j21119

j21120

j21121

j21122

j21123

j21124

j21125

j21126

j21127

j21128

j21129

j21130

j21131

j21132

j21133

j21134

j21135

j21136

j21137

j21138

j21139

j21140

j21141

j21142

j21143

j21144

j21145

j21146

j21147

j21148

j21149

j21150

j21151

j21152

j21153

j21154

j21155

j21156

j21157

j21158

j21159

j21160

j21161

j21162

j21163

j21164

j21165

j21166

j21167

j21168

j21169

j21170

Bronze inscriptions

b13977

b13978

b13979

b13980

b13981

b13982

b13983

b13984

b13985

b13986

b13987

b13988

b13989

b13990

b13991

b13992

b13993

b13994

b13995

b13996

b13997

b13998

b13999

b14000

b14001

b14002

b14003

b14004

b14005

b14006

b14007

b14008

b14009

b14010

b14011

b14012

b14013

b14014

b14015

b14016

b14017

b14018

b14019

b14020

b14021

b14022

b14023

b14024

b14025

b14026

b14027

b14028

b14029

b14030

b14031

b14032

b14033

b14034

b14035

b14036

b14037

b14038

b14039

b14040

Small seal script

s06555

Transcribed ancient scripts

L37178

L37179

L37180

L37181

L37182

L37183

L37184

L37185

L37186

L24398

L24399

L24400

L24401

L24402

L24403

L24404

L24405

L24406

L24407

L24408

L24409

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (令) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
令 *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs
怜 *riːn, *reːŋ
零 *riːŋ, *reːŋ, *reːŋs
魿 *ɡriŋ, *reːŋ
命 *mreŋs
冷 *raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ
跉 *reŋ, *reːŋ
嶺 *reŋʔ
領 *reŋʔ
阾 *reŋʔ, *reːŋ
柃 *reŋʔ, *reːŋ
袊 *reŋʔ
詅 *reŋs, *reːŋ
旍 *ʔsleŋ
舲 *reːŋ
齡 *reːŋ
囹 *reːŋ
鴒 *reːŋ
蛉 *reːŋ
鈴 *reːŋ
苓 *reːŋ
伶 *reːŋ
泠 *reːŋ
瓴 *reːŋ
拎 *reːŋ
刢 *reːŋ
玲 *reːŋ
聆 *reːŋ
竛 *reːŋ
軨 *reːŋ
笭 *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ
翎 *reːŋ
閝 *reːŋ
鹷 *reːŋ
昤 *reːŋ
駖 *reːŋ
彾 *reːŋ
呤 *reːŋ
狑 *reːŋ
秢 *reːŋ
岭 *reːŋ
紷 *reːŋ
砱 *reːŋ
羚 *reːŋ
姈 *reːŋ
蕶 *reːŋ
澪 *reːŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 亼 + 卩.

Etymology 1[edit]

Usually thought to be related to 命 (OC *mreŋs, “order”) (Schuessler, 2007). As a surname, 令 has many origins, one of them is 令狐 (Línghú).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 令
Mandarin Beijing /liŋ⁵¹/
Harbin /liŋ⁵³/
Tianjin /liŋ⁵³/
Jinan /liŋ²¹/
Qingdao /liŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /liŋ³¹²/
Xi'an /liŋ⁴⁴/
Xining /liə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /liŋ¹³/
Lanzhou /lĩn¹³/
Ürümqi /liŋ²¹³/
Wuhan /nin³⁵/
Chengdu /nin¹³/
Guiyang /nin²¹³/
Kunming /lĩ¹/
Nanjing /lin⁴⁴/
Hefei /lin⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /liəŋ⁴⁵/
Pingyao /liŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /lĩŋ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /liŋ²³/
Suzhou /lin³¹/
Hangzhou /lin¹³/
Wenzhou /leŋ²²/
Hui Shexian /liʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /lɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /lin⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /nin⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /lin²¹/
Hakka Meixian /lin⁵³/
Taoyuan /lin⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /leŋ²²/
Nanning /leŋ²²/
Hong Kong /liŋ²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /liŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /lɛiŋ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /leiŋ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /leŋ³⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /leŋ³³/ 使～(俗)
Rime
Character 令 令 令
Reading # 2/5 4/5 5/5
Initial (聲) 來 (37) 來 (37) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 清 (121) 清 (121) 青 (125)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open Open
Division (等) III III IV
Fanqie 呂貞切 力政切 郎定切
Baxter ljeng ljengH lengH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/liᴇŋ/ /liᴇŋH/ /leŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/liɛŋ/ /liɛŋH/ /leŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/liæŋ/ /liæŋH/ /lɛŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/liajŋ/ /liajŋH/ /lɛjŋH/
Li
Rong 		/liɛŋ/ /liɛŋH/ /leŋH/
Wang
Li 		/lĭɛŋ/ /lĭɛŋH/ /lieŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/li̯ɛŋ/ /li̯ɛŋH/ /lieŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		líng lìng lìng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ling4 ling6 ling6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 令 令
Reading # 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		líng lìng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ljeng › ‹ ljengH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*riŋ/ /*riŋ-s/
English send (a person) issue a command

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 令 令 令
Reading # 2/5 3/5 5/5
No. 8277 8284 8332
Phonetic
component 		令 令 令
Rime
group 		耕 耕 耕
Rime
subdivision 		0 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		跉 令 零
Old
Chinese 		/*reŋ/ /*reŋs/ /*reːŋs/

Definitions[edit]

令

  1. to order; to command
  2. order; command; directive
  3. to make (someone do something); to cause; to allow
    令人  ―  lìngrén  ―  to make someone (do something); to make people [+ adjective]
  4. (historical) governor; magistrate (official title)
  5. (literary, or in compounds) good; excellent
  6. (literary, or in compounds) time; season
  7. (literary, or in compounds) drinker's wager game; drinking game
  8. (respectful) your
    令尊  ―  lìngzūn  ―  your father
    令嬡／令嫒  ―  lìng'ài  ―  your daughter
  9. (poetry) Short for 小令 (“ditty”).
  10. a surname
Synonyms[edit]
  • (to order):
  • (order):
  • (to cause): 使 (shǐ), 讓／让 (ràng), (Cantonese) 令到 (ling6 dou3), 搞到 (gaau2 dou3)
  • (season):
  • (drinker's wager game): 酒令 (jiǔlìng)
Descendants[edit]
Sino-Xenic (令):

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 令
Reading # 3/5
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 青 (125)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 郎丁切
Baxter leng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/leŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/leŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/lɛŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lɛjŋ/
Li
Rong 		/leŋ/
Wang
Li 		/lieŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/lieŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		líng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ling4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 令
Reading # 1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		líng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ leng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[r]ˁiŋ/
English 脊令 tsjek.leng (a kind of water bird)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 令
Reading # 4/5
No. 8306
Phonetic
component 		令
Rime
group 		耕
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		靈
Old
Chinese 		/*reːŋ/

Definitions[edit]

令

  1. Used in 令狐 (Línghú).
  2. † Used in 令利.
  3. † Used in 令俜.
  4. † Used in 令星.
  5. † Used in 脊令.
  6. † Original form of 瓴 (líng).

Etymology 3[edit]

Borrowed from English ream.

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

令

  1. Classifier for reams of paper.

Etymology 4[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 令
Reading # 1/5
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 仙 (77)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 力延切
Baxter ljen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/liᴇn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/liɛn/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ljæn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lian/
Li
Rong 		/liɛn/
Wang
Li 		/lĭɛn/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/li̯ɛn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lián
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		lin4
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 令
Reading # 1/5
No. 8271
Phonetic
component 		令
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		連
Old
Chinese 		/*ren/

Definitions[edit]

令

  1. † Only used in 令居 (“ancient county in modern Gansu”).

Etymology 5[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of 令 – see 齡 (“age; length of time; duration; etc.”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 齡).
Notes:

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

令

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
令
れい
Grade: 4
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljeng), 令 (MC ljengH), or 令 (MC lengH).

The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

令(れい) • (rei) 

  1. an order, command, decree
    Synonyms: 言い付け (iitsuke), 命令 (meirei)
  2. (historical) in ancient China, a regional governor or magistrate
  3. (historical) in the early Meiji period, the forerunner of a 知事 (chiji, “prefectural governor”)
  4. (historical) in the Kamakura period, the vice-minister of the 政所 (mandokoro, “office of financial affairs”)
  5. (historical) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Synonym: 坊令 (bōrei)
  6. (rare, law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the 律 (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system

Affix[edit]

令(れい) • (rei) 

  1. act, law, ordinance, rule
  2. law, ordinance, regulation
  3. (historical) high-ranking official or magistrate
  4. (obsolete) admonition, teaching
  5. (rare) beautiful, excellent, fine, good
  6. honorific prefix added before a term of kinship to show respect to someone else's relative
Derived terms[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

令(れい) • (Rei) 

  1. a female given name

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
令
りょう
Grade: 4
goon

/rjau/ → /rjɔː/ → /rjoː/

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljeng), 令 (MC ljengH), or 令 (MC lengH).

The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

令(りょう) • (ryō) ←りやう (ryau)?

  1. (law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the 律 (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system
Derived terms[edit]

Affix[edit]

令(りょう) • (ryō) ←りやう (ryau)?

  1. order, command, decree
  2. law, ordinance, rule

Proper noun[edit]

令(りょう) • (Ryō) ←りやう (ryau)?

  1. a female given name

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

“to cause; to order; etc.”

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljeng).

Historical readings
“an order; a command”

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljengH).

Historical readings

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (initial position)
    • (an order; to cause; to order; etc.):
    • (in 영감 (令監, yeonggam)):
      • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [jɘ(ː)ŋ]
      • Phonetic hangul: [영(ː)]
        • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
  • (non-initial position)

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

令 (eumhun 하여금 령 (hayeogeum ryeong), South Korea 하여금 영 (hayeogeum yeong))

  1. Hanja form? of 령/영 (“an order; a command”).
  2. Hanja form? of 령/영 (“to cause; to allow”).
  3. Hanja form? of 령/영 (“to order; to command”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

令: Hán Nôm readings: lệnh, linh, lanh, lành, lênh, lình, liệng, lịnh, loanh

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References[edit]

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