代

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See also: 付 and 伐
代 U+4EE3, 代
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EE3
← 仢
[U+4EE2] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 令 →
[U+4EE4]
㈹ U+3239, ㈹
PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH REPRESENT
← ㈸
[U+3238] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㈺ →
[U+323A]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
5 strokes

Han character[edit]

代 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 人戈心 (OIP), four-corner 23240, composition ⿰亻弋)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 93, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 386
  • Dae Jaweon: page 197, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 113, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4EE3

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 代
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 代 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 代 (Cantonese)
  • 代 (Classical)

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 代
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Small seal script

s05796

Transcribed ancient scripts

L36109

L36110

L36111

L36112

L36113

L20896

L20897

L20898

L20899

L20900

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (弋) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
戴 *ʔl'ɯːɡs
襶 *tɯːɡs
貸 *l̥ʰɯːɡs
代 *l'ɯːɡs
袋 *l'ɯːɡs
岱 *l'ɯːɡs
黛 *l'ɯːɡs
玳 *l'ɯːɡs
帒 *l'ɯːɡs
甙 *l'ɯːɡs
酨 *l'ɯːs, *zlɯːs
試 *hljɯɡs
弒 *hljɯɡs
忒 *l̥ʰɯːɡ
貣 *l̥ʰɯːɡ, *l'ɯːɡ
鴏 *l'ɯːɡ
栻 *l̥ʰɯɡ, *hljɯɡ
侙 *l̥ʰɯɡ
恜 *l̥ʰɯɡ
式 *hljɯɡ
軾 *hljɯɡ
拭 *hljɯɡ
鉽 *hljɯɡ
烒 *hljɯɡ
弋 *lɯɡ
芅 *lɯɡ
黓 *lɯɡ
隿 *lɯɡ
杙 *lɯɡ
釴 *lɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːɡs) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 弋 (OC *lɯɡ)

Etymology 1[edit]

state's name → toponym
This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Is 代 (OC *lˤək-s) related to 狄 (OC *lˤek, “northern barbarians”), the Spring and Autumn state's founders?”

Most of the people with this surname in Mainland China were originally with the surname 戴 (Dài) and was a result of second-round simplification of Chinese characters.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • dô̤i - vernacular;
  • dâi - literary.
Note:
  • tē/tēr - vernacular;
  • tāi - literary;
  • tài - literary (limited, e.g. 交代 (jiāodài)).
Note:
  • do7 - vernacular ("generation / dynasty / period");
  • dai3 - literary (in 交代);
  • toi3 - semantic ("to act for/as").
Note:
  • tai5 - literary;
  • tai4 - colloquial.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 代
    Mandarin Beijing /tai⁵¹/
    Harbin /tai⁵³/
    Tianjin /tai⁵³/
    Jinan /tɛ²¹/
    Qingdao /tɛ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /tai³¹²/
    Xi'an /tai⁴⁴/
    Xining /tɛ²¹³/
    Yinchuan /tɛ¹³/
    Lanzhou /tɛ¹³/
    Ürümqi /tai²¹³/
    Wuhan /tai³⁵/
    Chengdu /tai¹³/
    Guiyang /tai²¹³/
    Kunming /tæ²¹²/
    Nanjing /tae⁴⁴/
    Hefei /te̞⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /tai⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /tæ³⁵/
    Hohhot /tɛ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /de²³/
    Suzhou /de̞³¹/
    Hangzhou /de̞¹³/
    Wenzhou /de²²/
    Hui Shexian /tʰɛ²²/
    Tunxi /tə¹¹/
    /ta⁴²/
    Xiang Changsha /tai⁵⁵/
    /tai¹¹/
    Xiangtan /tai⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /tʰai²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /tʰoi⁵³/
    Taoyuan /tʰoi⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /tɔi²²/
    Nanning /tɔi²²/
    Hong Kong /tɔi²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tai²²/
    /te²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /tɔy²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /to⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /tʰoi²¹³/
    /to³¹/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /ʔdai³⁵/
    /ʔdai³³/
    /ʔde²³/
    Rime
    Character 代
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 定 (7)
    Final (韻) 咍 (41)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 徒耐切
    Baxter dojH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/dʌiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/dəiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/dɒiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/dəjH/
    Li
    Rong         		/dᴀiH/
    Wang
    Li         		/dɒiH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/dʱɑ̆iH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		dài
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		doi6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 代
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		dài
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ dojH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*lˁək-s/
    English replace

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 代
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 14963
    Phonetic
    component         		弋
    Rime
    group         		代
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		代
    Old
    Chinese         		/*l'ɯːɡs/

    Definitions[edit]

    代

    1. to replace; to take the place of
    2. to act for; to do something on behalf of
    3. to act as; to be the acting (president etc.)
    4. generation; age group
    5. historical period; era
    6. date; age
    7. dynasty; line of rulers
    8. (geology) era (geochronologic unit)
    9. (grammar) Short for 代名詞／代名词 (dàimíngcí); short for 代詞／代词 (dàicí, “pronoun”).
    10. (historical geography) Short for 代國／代国 (Dàiguó, “state of Dai”).
    11. a surname
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (generation): 世 (shì)

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (代):
    • → Japanese: 代(だい) (dai)
    • → Korean: 대(代) (dae)
    • → Vietnamese: đại (代)

    Others:

    Etymology 2[edit]

    From 事 (OC *zrɯs).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    代

    1. (Southern Min) affair; matter

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 代 – see 戴 (“to wear something on the head; to carry on the head; etc.”).
    (This character is the second-round simplified form of 戴).
    Notes:

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja

    Kanji[edit]

    代

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    代
    しろ
    Grade: 3
    kun’yomi

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    代(しろ) • (shiro) 

    1. (archaic) substitution
    2. (archaic) price, cost, charge
    3. (historical) shiro, a unit of land

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    代
    よ
    Grade: 3
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 代 – see the following entry.
    【世よ】3
    [noun] world, society
    [noun] this world, this life
    [noun] (archaic) generation, age, era
    [noun] lifetime
    [noun] lifespan
    [noun] time of year, season
    [noun] relationship between a man and a woman
    [noun] period of a person leading as a patriarch (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
    (This term, 代, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    代
    だい
    Grade: 3
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 代 (MC dojH).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    代(だい) • (dai) 

    1. price
    2. generation of a family
    3. reign of a royal
    4. decade
    5. era

    Counter[edit]

    代(だい) • (-dai) 

    1. generation of a royal family
    2. era, age, decade

    Suffix[edit]

    代(だい) • (-dai) 

    1. charge, fare, rate, fee, price, rent
      服(ふく)代(だい)
      fuku-dai
      money spent on clothes; clothes money
      お菓子(かし)代(だい)
      o-kashi-dai
      snack money; snack fee
    2. (indicating years spanning a specific period) -ies, -hundreds
    Alternative forms[edit]
    • (period of time): 台

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 代 (MC dojH).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [tɛ(ː)] ~ [te̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [대(ː)/데(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    代 (eumhun 대신할 대 (daesinhal dae))
    代 (eumhun 세대 대 (sedae dae))

    1. Hanja form? of 대 (“to replace”). [prefix; affix]
    2. Hanja form? of 대 (“generation”). [noun; suffix; affix]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    代: Hán Việt readings: đại (度(đạc)耐(nại)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
    代: Nôm readings: đời[1][2][3][4][5], đãi[1][2][3], đại[1][2][5], dạy[1][2], dậy[1][2], rượi[3][4], đười[1], đợi[1]

    1. chữ Hán form of đại (“representative”).
    2. Nôm form of đời (“life; world; generation; era”).

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hồ (1976).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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