鞏

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See also: 巩
鞏 U+978F, 鞏
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-978F
← 鞎
[U+978E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 鞐 →
[U+9790]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

鞏 (Kangxi radical 177, 革+6, 15 strokes, cangjie input 一弓廿中十 (MNTLJ), four-corner 17506, composition ⿱巩革)

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1387, character 28
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42819
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1902, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4333, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+978F

Chinese[edit]

trad. 鞏
simp. 巩*
alternative forms 𩊳
𠔣
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Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (工) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
缸 *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ
篢 *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ
贑 *kluːmʔ
涳 *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
江 *kroːŋ
肛 *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ
扛 *kroːŋ
杠 *kroːŋ
豇 *kroːŋ
茳 *kroːŋ
釭 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
矼 *kroːŋ
玒 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ
虹 *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ
腔 *kʰroːŋ
崆 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
羫 *kʰroːŋ
控 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
椌 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
悾 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
跫 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ
啌 *qʰroːŋ
谾 *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ
舡 *qʰroːŋ
缻 *ɡroːŋ
項 *ɡroːŋʔ
屸 *ɡ·roːŋ
功 *koːŋ
工 *koːŋ
疘 *koːŋ
魟 *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ
攻 *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
愩 *koːŋ
碽 *koːŋ
貢 *koːŋs
羾 *koːŋs
空 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
箜 *kʰoːŋ
硿 *kʰoːŋ
埪 *kʰoːŋ
鵼 *kʰoːŋ
倥 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs
鞚 *kʰoːŋs
叿 *qʰoːŋ
嗊 *qʰoːŋʔ
訌 *ɡoːŋ
紅 *ɡoːŋ
仜 *ɡoːŋ
葒 *ɡoːŋ
渱 *ɡoːŋ
鴻 *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ
汞 *ɡoːŋʔ
澒 *ɡoːŋʔ
鞏 *koŋʔ
巩 *koŋʔ
銎 *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ
恐 *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs
蛩 *ɡoŋ
筇 *ɡoŋ
桏 *ɡoŋ
邛 *ɡoŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koŋʔ) : phonetic 巩 (OC *koŋʔ) + semantic 革.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: khōng - 誆 is used in the Mainland.
Rime
Character 鞏
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 居悚切
Baxter kjowngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɨoŋX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kioŋX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kioŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kuawŋX/
Li
Rong 		/kioŋX/
Wang
Li 		/kĭwoŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ki̯woŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiǒng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gung2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 鞏
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gǒng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kjowngX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*k(r)oŋʔ/
English bind with leather straps

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 鞏
Reading # 1/1
No. 4067
Phonetic
component 		工
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		拱
Old
Chinese 		/*koŋʔ/

Definitions[edit]

鞏

  1. to fasten using a leather band
  2. to secure; to consolidate
  3. firm; secure
  4. † Alternative form of 栱 (gǒng, “post, pillar”)
  5. † Alternative form of 恐 (kǒng, “to fear”)
  6. (～國) (historical) State of Gong (a small state during the Spring and Autumn period in modern-day Henan)
  7. (～縣) (historical) Gong County (in modern-day Gongyi, Henan)
  8. (～州) (historical) Gong Prefecture (in modern-day Gong County, Sichuan)
  9. (～州) (historical) Gong Prefecture (in modern-day Longxi County, Gansu)
  10. a surname. Gong
    鞏俐／巩俐  ―  Gǒng Lì  ―  Gong Li

Synonyms[edit]

  • (firm):

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

鞏

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings[edit]

  • On (unclassified): きょう (kyō)
  • Kun: かたい (katai)

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

鞏 (eum 공 (gong))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

鞏: Hán Nôm readings: củng

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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