故鄉

See also: 故乡, 故郷, and 故鄕

Chinese

		happening; instance; reason happening; instance; reason; cause; deceased; old	country; village
trad. (故鄉)		故	鄉
simp. (故乡)		故	乡

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gùxiāng

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˋ ㄒㄧㄤ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gu³ hoeng¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ku-hiông
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kò͘-hiong / kò͘-hiang

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gu⁷ hiên¹ / gu⁷ hion¹

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁵ku-shiaon

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gùxiāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ ㄒㄧㄤ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gùsiang
    • Wade–Giles: ku⁴-hsiang¹
    • Yale: gù-syāng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guhshiang
    • Palladius: гусян (gusjan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵¹ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gu³ hoeng¹
    • Yale: gu hēung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gu³ hoeng¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gu³ hêng¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuː³³ hœːŋ⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ku-hiông
    • Hakka Romanization System: gu hiong´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gu⁴ hiong¹
    • Sinological IPA: /ku⁵⁵ hi̯oŋ²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘-hiong
    • Tâi-lô: kòo-hiong
    • Phofsit Daibuun: korhiofng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hiɔŋ³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘-hiang
    • Tâi-lô: kòo-hiang
    • Phofsit Daibuun: korhiafng
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ hiaŋ⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gu⁷ hiên¹ / gu⁷ hion¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kū hieⁿ / kū hioⁿ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku¹¹ hĩẽ³³/, /ku¹¹ hĩõ³³/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁵ku-shiaon
    • MiniDict: ku^去 shiaon
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²ku-xiaan
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ku³³ ɕiɑ̃⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: kuH xjang

Rime
Character	故	鄉
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古暮切	許良切
Baxter	kuH	xjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuoH/	/hɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kuoH/	/hiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/koH/	/xiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɔH/	/hɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/koH/	/xiaŋ/
Wang Li	/kuH/	/xĭaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kuoH/	/xi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gù	xiāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gu3	hoeng1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤaʔ-s  qʰaŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kaːs  qʰaŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	故	鄉
Reading #	2/2	1/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gù	xiāng
Middle Chinese	‹ kuH ›	‹ xjang ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁaʔ-s/	/*qʰaŋ/
English	old (not new)	village; district
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	故	鄉
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	4228	13596
Phonetic component	古	鄉
Rime group	魚	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	顧	香
Old Chinese	/*kaːs/	/*qʰaŋ/
Notes		甲金文象兩人對食， 爲饗初文

Noun

故鄉

1. native land; hometown; birthplace

   當作第二故鄉／当作第二故乡  ―  dàngzuò dì'èr gùxiāng  ―  to treat (a place) as one's second hometown

Synonyms

• 土 (literary, or in compounds)
• 家鄉／家乡 (jiāxiāng)
• 故國／故国 (gùguó) (literary)
• 故園／故园 (gùyuán) (literary)
• 故土 (gùtǔ)
• 故里 (gùlǐ)
• 老家 (lǎojiā)
• 老屋 (Hakka)
• 鄉下／乡下
• 鄉土／乡土 (xiāngtǔ)
• 鄉梓／乡梓 (xiāngzǐ) (literary)
• 鄉關／乡关 (xiāngguān) (literary)

 

Derived terms

• 富貴不歸故鄉，如衣繡夜行／富贵不归故乡，如衣绣夜行
• 并州故鄉
• 月是故鄉明／月是故乡明 (yuè shì gùxiāng míng)
• 衣錦故鄉／衣锦故乡
• 親不親，故鄉人，美不美，鄉中水／亲不亲，故乡人，美不美，乡中水

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (故鄉):

• → Japanese: 故(こ)郷(きょう) (kokyō)
• → Korean: 고향(故鄕) (gohyang)
• → Vietnamese: cố hương (故鄉)