冇

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冇 U+5187, 冇
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5187
← 円
[U+5186] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 冈 →
[U+5188]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

冇 (Kangxi radical 13, 冂+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 大月 (KB) or 難大月 (XKB), four-corner 40227, composition ⿸𠂇冂)

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 128, character 35
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 96, character 17
  • Unihan data for U+5187

Chinese[edit]

Wikipedia has an article on:
  • 冇 (Cantonese)

Glyph origin[edit]

From the removal of the two inner strokes from 有 (“to have”).

Attested at least since 1672, in 《星餘筆記》 by 王鉞:

寧俗樸鄙所陳牒訴多用土俗書，初見駭愕，習閒亦各有義意，令略記數字：……冇，音茂，謂無有也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
宁俗朴鄙所陈牒诉多用土俗书，初见骇愕，习闲亦各有义意，令略记数字：……冇，音茂，谓无有也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: 清・王鉞《星餘筆記》
Níng sú pǔbǐ suǒ chén diésù duō yòng tǔsú shū, chūjiàn hài'è, xíxián yì gè yǒu yìyì, lìng lüèjì shùzì:...... 冇, yīn mào, wèi wúyǒu yě. [Pinyin]
When filing pleas, peasants in the Ning county (西寧縣, modern 鬱南縣) often use the local popular writing, it is peculiar when first seen, but when accustomed, each has its meaning, for example: [...] 冇, sounds like 茂, means "to not have".

Etymology 1[edit]

trad. 冇
simp. # 冇
alternative forms 無／无
冒 Xiang

From 無 (MC mju, “to not have”). In some varieties, such as Cantonese and Xiang, there seems to be fusion or analogy with 有 (MC hjuwX, “to have”) (Chan, 1998; Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • mǎo - conjected from Cantonese;
  • mǒu - directly from Cantonese.
Note:
  • mau5 - “have not; did not”;
  • mau6 - “to not have” (contraction of 冇得).

    Definitions[edit]

    冇

    1. (dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, dialectal Gan, Hakka, dialectal Wu, Xiang) to not have; to not exist
      冇理由㗎。 [Cantonese]  ―  mou5 lei5 jau4 gaa3. [Jyutping]  ―  Impossible.
    2. (dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, Xiang) have not; did not (do something) (indicating non-completion of a verb)
      我冇同佢講。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      我冇同佢讲。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      ngo5 mou5 tung4 keoi5 gong2. [Jyutping]
      I did not tell him.
      佢幾個月都冇嚟。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      佢几个月都冇嚟。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      keoi5 gei2 go3 jyut6 dou1 mou5 lai4. [Jyutping]
      He hasn't come for a few months.
    3. (dialectal Cantonese, Nanning Pinghua) not (negator)
    Usage notes[edit]
    • Originally from Cantonese, many Mandarin speakers now understand the meaning of this character.
    Synonyms[edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 沒有 (“to not have (+ noun)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 無, 無有
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 沒有
    Mandarin Beijing 沒有, 沒
    Taiwan 沒有, 沒
    Jinan 沒有, 沒
    Xi'an 沒有
    Wuhan 冇得
    Chengdu 沒得
    Guilin 沒得
    Yangzhou 不得, 沒得
    Hefei 沒
    Malaysia 沒有, 沒
    Singapore 沒有, 沒
    Dagudi (Maliba) 不有
    Reshuitang (Longling) 不有
    Mae Salong (Lancang) 不有
    Mae Sai (Tengchong) 不有
    Cantonese Guangzhou 冇, 冇有
    Hong Kong 冇
    Taishan 冇
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 冇有
    Hepu (Shatian) 冇有
    Beihai 冇, 冇有
    Beihai (Nankang) 冇
    Beihai (Yingpan) 冇有
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 冇, 冇有
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 冇, 冇有
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 冇, 冇有
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 冇
    Penang (Guangfu) 冇
    Singapore (Guangfu) 冇
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 冇
    Móng Cái 冇, 冇有
    Gan Nanchang 冒有, 冇
    Hakka Meixian 無
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 無
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 無
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 無
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 無
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 無
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 無
    Singapore (Dabu) 無
    Huizhou Jixi 沒
    Jin Taiyuan 沒, 沒啦
    Northern Min Jian'ou 無
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 無
    Singapore (Fuqing) 無
    Sitiawan (Gutian) 無
    Southern Min Xiamen 無
    Quanzhou 無
    Zhangzhou 無
    Zhao'an 無
    Taipei 無
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 無
    Kaohsiung 無
    Yilan 無
    Changhua (Lukang) 無
    Taichung 無
    Tainan 無
    Hsinchu 無
    Kinmen 無
    Penghu (Magong) 無
    Penang (Hokkien) 無
    Singapore (Hokkien) 無
    Manila (Hokkien) 無
    Chaozhou 無
    Shantou 無
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 無
    Jieyang 無
    Haifeng 無
    Bangkok (Teochew) 無
    Singapore (Teochew) 無
    Batam (Teochew) 無
    Pontianak (Teochew) 無
    Wenchang 無
    Qionghai 無
    Singapore (Hainanese) 無
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 無
    Wu Shanghai 嘸沒, 嘸 dated
    Suzhou 嘸不
    Hangzhou 沒有
    Hangzhou (Yuhang) 嘸不
    Shaoxing 唔有
    Ningbo 嘸沒, 嘸 dated
    Wenzhou 冇
    Jinhua 嘸, 嘸沒
    Xiang Changsha 冇得, 冇
    Shuangfeng 冇得
    Dialectal synonyms of 不 (“not”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 不, 弗, 毋, 勿, 莫, 否, 未
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 不
    Mandarin Beijing 不
    Taiwan 不
    Tianjin 不
    Chengde 不
    Tangshan 不
    Cangzhou 不
    Baoding 不
    Shijiazhuang 不
    Chifeng 不
    Hulunbuir (Hailar) 不
    Heihe 不
    Qiqihar 不
    Harbin 不
    Jiamusi 不
    Baicheng 不
    Changchun 不
    Tonghua 不
    Shenyang 不
    Dandong 不
    Jinzhou 不
    Dalian 不
    Yantai 不
    Yantai (Muping) 不
    Qingdao 不
    Lijin 不
    Zhucheng 不
    Jinan 不
    Luoyang 不
    Wanrong 不
    Shangqiu 不
    Yuanyang 不
    Zhengzhou 不
    Lingbao 不
    Xinyang 不
    Baihe 不
    Xi'an 不
    Baoji 不
    Yinchuan 不
    Tianshui 不
    Lanzhou 不
    Dunhuang 不
    Xining 不
    Hami 不
    Ürümqi 不
    Wuhan 不
    Yichang 不
    Xiangyang 不
    Tianmen 不
    Hong'an 不
    Chengdu 不
    Nanchong 不
    Dazhou 不
    Hanyuan 不
    Xichang 不
    Zigong 不
    Chongqing 不
    Guiyang 不
    Zunyi 不
    Bijie 不
    Zhaotong 不
    Dali 不
    Kunming 不
    Mengzi 不
    Guilin 不
    Liuzhou 沒, 不
    Changde 不
    Anqing 不
    Xuzhou 不
    Fuyang 不
    Wuhu 不
    Yangzhou 不
    Lianyungang 不
    Lianshui 不
    Nanjing 不
    Hefei 不
    Nantong 不
    Malaysia 不
    Singapore 不
    Cantonese Guangzhou 唔
    Hong Kong 唔
    Macau 唔
    Taishan 唔
    Dongguan 唔
    Yangjiang 無
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 冇
    Hepu (Shatian) 冇
    Beihai 冇
    Beihai (Nankang) 冇
    Beihai (Yingpan) 冇
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 冇
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 冇
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 冇
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 唔
    Singapore (Guangfu) 唔
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 唔
    Móng Cái 冇
    Gan Nanchang 不
    Lichuan 不
    Pingxiang 毋
    Jianning 唔
    Hakka Meixian 唔
    Xingning 唔
    Huidong (Daling) 唔
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 唔
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 唔
    Changting 唔
    Shanghang 唔
    Wuping 唔
    Wuping (Pingyu) 唔
    Liancheng 唔
    Ninghua 唔, 不
    Qingliu 唔
    Yudu 唔
    Ruijin 唔
    Shicheng 唔
    Shangyou (Shexi) 唔
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 毋
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 毋
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 毋
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 毋
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 毋
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 毋
    Huizhou Jixi 不
    Shexian 不
    Jin Taiyuan 不
    Yangyuan 不
    Datong 不
    Xinzhou 不
    Lishi 不
    Linfen 不
    Changzhi 不
    Linhe 不
    Jining 不
    Hohhot 不
    Erenhot 不
    Pingshan 不
    Zhangjiakou 不
    Handan 不
    Linzhou 不
    Suide 不
    Northern Min Jian'ou 伓, 𣍐
    Songxi 唔, 𣍐
    Zhenghe 唔, 𣍐
    Pucheng (Shibei) 伓, 𣍐
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 伓, 𣍐
    Changle 伓, 𣍐
    Lianjiang 伓, 𣍐
    Fuqing 伓, 𣍐
    Pingtan 伓, 𣍐
    Yongtai 伓, 𣍐
    Minqing 伓, 𣍐
    Gutian 伓, 𣍐
    Pingnan 伓, 𣍐
    Luoyuan 伓, 𣍐
    Fu'an 伓, 𣍐
    Ningde 伓, 𣍐
    Xiapu 伓, 𣍐
    Zherong 伓, 𣍐
    Shouning 伓, 𣍐
    Zhouning 伓, 𣍐
    Fuding 伓, 𣍐
    Matsu 伓, 𣍐
    Southern Min Xiamen 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Xiamen (Tong'an) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Quanzhou 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Jinjiang 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Nan'an 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Shishi 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Hui'an 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Anxi 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Yongchun 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Dehua 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Zhangzhou 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Zhangzhou (Longhai) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Zhangzhou (Changtai) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Hua'an 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Nanjing 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Pinghe 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Zhangpu 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Yunxiao 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Zhao'an 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Dongshan 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Taipei 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Kaohsiung 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Tainan 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Kinmen 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Penang (Hokkien) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Singapore (Hokkien) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Manila (Hokkien) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Datian 毋, 𣍐
    Chaozhou 唔, 𣍐, 無
    Shantou 唔, 𣍐, 無
    Jieyang 唔
    Haifeng 唔
    Singapore (Teochew) 唔, 𣍐, 無
    Batam (Teochew) 唔, 𣍐, 無
    Pontianak (Teochew) 唔
    Leizhou 伓
    Wenchang 無
    Haikou 無
    Singapore (Hainanese) 無
    Puxian Min Putian 伓, 𣍐
    Xianyou 伓, 𣍐
    Central Min Yong'an 伓, 𣍐
    Shaxian 伓, 𣍐
    Shaojiang Min Shaowu 冒, 唔
    Guangze 唔
    Jiangle 唔
    Mingxi 唔
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 冇
    Wu Shanghai 勿
    Shanghai (Chongming) 弗, 勿
    Suzhou 弗
    Wuxi 弗
    Danyang 弗
    Hangzhou 不
    Ningbo 勿, 嘸沒
    Wenzhou 不
    Lishui 弗
    Qingyuan 否
    Jinhua 弗
    Xiang Changsha 不, 唔
    Loudi 不
    Shuangfeng 不

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    trad. 冇
    simp. # 冇

    Compare Saek [script needed] (phoongC2, “hollow; hole (in a tree, bamboo)”), Proto-Bahnaric *pɔːŋ (“hollow; flattened”) (Schuessler, 2007).

    This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    冇

    1. (Min, Hakka) empty; hollow; spongy; not sturdy
      冇柴 [Hokkien]  ―  phàⁿ-chhâ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  porous wood
    2. (Min, Hakka) unreliable; undependable; casual
    3. (Southern Min) extravagant; generous
      冇手 [Hokkien]  ―  phàⁿ-chhiú [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  generous
    4. (Hakka) insufficient; lacking

    Etymology 3[edit]

    trad. 冇
    simp. # 冇

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    冇

    1. (Cantonese) Contraction of 唔好 (m4 hou2, “don't”).
      冇煩我！／冇烦我！ [Cantonese]  ―  mou2 faan4 ngo5! [Jyutping]  ―  Don't annoy me!

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 別 (“do not”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 勿, 莫1, 毋, 無
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 別, 不要, 別要 chiefly Hong Kong
    Mandarin Beijing 別, 別價
    Taiwan 別, 不要
    Harbin 別
    Yantai (Muping) 別
    Jinan 別, 別價, 甭價, 不要
    Luoyang 嫑, 甭1, 休
    Wanrong 嫑, 不要
    Xi'an 嫑, 不敢
    Lanzhou 不要
    Xining 嫑
    Ürümqi 嫑
    Wuhan 莫1, 不
    Chengdu 莫1, 不要, 嫑
    Guiyang 不要
    Guilin 莫1
    Liuzhou 莫1, 莫要
    Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine) 莫1
    Xuzhou 嫑, 休
    Yangzhou 莫1, 不要
    Nanjing 不要
    Hefei 別, 不要
    Malaysia 不要
    Singapore 不要
    Cantonese Guangzhou 咪, 咪個, 唔好
    Hong Kong 咪, 唔好, 冇
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 唔好
    Macau 唔要
    Foshan (Shunde) 咪
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 咪
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 唔好
    Taishan 唔好
    Kaiping (Chikan) 唔好
    Dongguan 咪, 唔好
    Shaoguan 咪
    Yunfu 咪, 唔好
    Yangjiang 莫1, 無好
    Xinyi 毛
    Lianjiang 冇
    Nanning 冇要
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 咪
    Singapore (Guangfu) 咪, 唔好
    Gan Nanchang 莫1
    Lichuan 毋要, 不要
    Pingxiang 不要
    Hakka Meixian 莫1, 毋愛, 毋好
    Xingning 毋愛
    Huidong (Daling) 毋好
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 毋好
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 毋好
    Changting 毋要
    Liancheng 毋要
    Ninghua 毋要
    Yudu 毋要, 毋敢
    Ruijin 毋要
    Shicheng 毋要
    Shangyou (Shexi) 毋要
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 毋好
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 毋好
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 毋好
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 毋好
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 毋好
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 毋好
    Hong Kong 毋好
    Sabah (Longchuan) 毋愛
    Senai (Huiyang) 毋好
    Kuching (Hepo) 唔愛
    Huizhou Jixi 不要, 嫑
    Shexian 不要, 嫑
    Tunxi 不要, 嫑
    Jin Taiyuan 不要, 不敢
    Xinzhou 不要, 嫑, 播
    Northern Min Jian'ou 伓敢, 伓讓, 毋
    Pucheng (Shibei) 伓敢
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 伓通, 毋
    Fuqing 伓通
    Matsu 毋
    Southern Min Xiamen 毋通, 毋愛, 莫2, 𱰠, 莫用
    Quanzhou 毋通, 毋愛, 甭2, 莫用
    Zhangzhou 毋通, 莫2, 甭2, 𱰠, 莫用
    Zhao'an 孬
    Taipei 莫2
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 莫去
    Kaohsiung 莫2
    Yilan 毋通, 莫2
    Changhua (Lukang) 莫2
    Tainan 莫2, 甭2
    Penang (Hokkien) 莫2, 毋通, 甭2
    Singapore (Hokkien) 莫2, 毋通, 甭2
    Manila (Hokkien) 毋通, 甭2
    Pingnan (Shangdu) 別
    Chaozhou 孬, 莫2
    Shantou 孬, 莫2
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 莫2
    Haifeng 莫2
    Ho Chi Minh City (Teochew) 孬
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 孬
    Penang (Teochew) 莫2
    Singapore (Teochew) 莫2, 孬
    Leizhou 無地
    Haikou 無用, 莫2, 無莫
    Qionghai 無用
    Singapore (Hainanese) 無用
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 冇要
    Wu Shanghai 勿要, 𧟰
    Shanghai (Chongming) 拗
    Suzhou 𧟰
    Wuxi 𧟰
    Haimen 拗, 拗要, 弗要
    Danyang 弗要, 𫸻
    Hangzhou 嫑
    Hangzhou (Yuhang) 弗要, 消, 𧟰
    Ningbo 莫, 甮
    Wenzhou 𧟰
    Lishui ⿰毋樂
    Qingyuan ⿰否樂
    Jinhua 𫸻, 弗要, 弗用
    Xiang Changsha 莫1, 不要
    Loudi 不要, 莫1
    Shuangfeng 莫1
    Quanzhou 別

    See also[edit]

    Etymology 4[edit]

    trad. 冇
    simp. # 冇

    From etymology 1, with rising intonation.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    冇

    1. (Cantonese, uncommon or dated) Used at the end of questions to ask if one has done something yet.
      Synonym: 未 (mei6)
      食咗飯冇？／食咗饭冇？ [Cantonese]  ―  sik6 zo2 faan6 mou2? [Jyutping]  ―  Have you eaten?
      • (Can we date this quote?), 郊遊前　準備好　聯繫方法要知道, 通訊事務管理局 [Communications Authority]:
        我哋收到喇，你又收到冇？ [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
        ngo5 dei6 sau1 dou3-2 laa3, nei5 jau6 sau1 dou3-2 mou2? [Jyutping]
        We've received it. What about you?

    References[edit]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    冇: Hán Nôm readings: mậu

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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