冠

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See also: 冦
冠 U+51A0, 冠
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51A0
← 冟
[U+519F] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 冡 →
[U+51A1]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order

Han character[edit]

冠 (Kangxi radical 14, 冖+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 月一山戈 (BMUI), four-corner 37214, composition ⿱冖㝴)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 130, character 23
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1580
  • Dae Jaweon: page 292, character 27
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 303, character 18
  • Unihan data for U+51A0

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 冠
alternative forms 𠖌
𭁺
𠙙
𠜍
𢃙

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 冠
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (元) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
冠 *kŋoːn, *kŋoːns
莞 *kŋoːn, *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋroːnʔ
脘 *ŋkoːnʔ
筦 *ŋkoːnʔ
梡 *ŋ̊ʰoːnʔ, *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋoːnʔ
岏 *ŋoːn
刓 *ŋoːn
园 *ŋoːn
忨 *ŋoːn, *ŋoːns
蚖 *ŋoːn, *ŋon
黿 *ŋoːn, *ŋon
抏 *ŋoːn
玩 *ŋoːns
貦 *ŋoːns
翫 *ŋoːns
妧 *ŋoːns
完 *ɦŋoːn
捖 *ɦŋoːn
垸 *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋoːns
綄 *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋoːnʔ
院 *ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋons
皖 *ɦŋoːnʔ, *ɦŋroːnʔ
晥 *ɦŋoːnʔ
浣 *ɦŋoːnʔ
頑 *ŋroːn, *ŋroːn
睆 *ɦŋroːnʔ
鯇 *ɦŋroːnʔ
元 *ŋon
沅 *ŋon
芫 *ŋon
杬 *ŋon
邧 *ŋon, *ŋonʔ
阮 *ŋon, *ŋonʔ
俒 *ɦŋuːn, *ɦŋuːns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kŋoːn, *kŋoːns) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 冖 (“hat”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon, “head”) + semantic 寸 (“hand”) – a hand putting a hat on the head.

Earlier forms are phono-semantic (形聲／形声, OC *kŋoːn, *kŋoːns) : semantic 冃 (“hat”) + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon).

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)wa-n (“to put on; to wear; to clothe”). Cognate with Tibetan བགོ (bgo, “to put on; to wear; clothing”), གོས (gos, “clothes; garments; dress”), གོན (gon), གྱོན (gyon, “to put on; to wear”), སྐོན (skon, “to dress; to clothe”).

Pronunciation 2 is the exopassive derivation of pronunciation 1, literally "(make someone to) be capped" (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • guang1 - Shantou;
  • guêng1 - Chaozhou.
Rime
Character 冠
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 桓 (62)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古丸切
Baxter kwan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kuɑn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʷɑn/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kuɑn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kwan/
Li
Rong 		/kuɑn/
Wang
Li 		/kuɑn/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kuɑn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		guān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gun1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 冠
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		guān
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kwan ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k.ʔ]ˁor/
English cap (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 冠
Reading # 1/2
No. 16107
Phonetic
component 		元
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		官
Old
Chinese 		/*kŋoːn/

Definitions[edit]

冠

  1. hat; cap
    皇冠  ―  huángguān  ―  crown
    衣冠楚楚  ―  yīguānchǔchǔ  ―  well-groomed
  2. hat-shaped thing
    花冠  ―  huāguān  ―  wreath; crown
    雞冠／鸡冠  ―  jīguān  ―  cockscomb
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 帽子 (“hat”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 冠, 帽
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 帽子
Mandarin Beijing 帽子, 帽兒
Taiwan 帽子
Harbin 帽子
Yantai (Muping) 帽子
Jinan 帽子
Wanrong 帽子
Xi'an 帽子
Yinchuan 帽子
Xining 帽子
Ürümqi 帽子
Wuhan 帽子
Chengdu 帽子
Guiyang 帽子, 帽兒 humorous
Guilin 帽子
Liuzhou 帽子
Xuzhou 帽子
Yangzhou 帽子
Nanjing 帽子
Hefei 帽子
Singapore 帽子
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 帽子
Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) 帽子
Cantonese Guangzhou 帽
Hong Kong 帽
Dongguan 帽
Yangjiang 帽
Hepu (Lianzhou) 帽
Hepu (Shatian) 帽
Beihai 帽
Beihai (Nankang) 帽
Beihai (Yingpan) 頭帽
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 帽
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 帽
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 帽
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 帽
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 帽
Móng Cái 帽
Gan Nanchang 帽子
Pingxiang 帽子
Hakka Meixian 帽仔
Yudu 帽子
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 帽仔
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 帽仔
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 帽仔
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 帽
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 帽仔, 帽
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 帽
Senai (Huiyang) 帽
Huizhou Jixi 帽
Jin Taiyuan 帽子, 帽兒
Xinzhou 帽子
Northern Min Jian'ou 帽
Eastern Min Fuzhou 帽
Matsu 帽
Southern Min Xiamen 帽仔
Quanzhou 帽仔
Zhangzhou 帽仔
Taipei 帽仔
New Taipei (Sanxia) 帽仔
Kaohsiung 帽仔
Yilan 帽仔
Changhua (Lukang) 帽仔
Taichung 帽仔
Tainan 帽仔
Hsinchu 帽仔
Kinmen 帽
Penghu (Magong) 帽
Penang (Hokkien) 帽
Singapore (Hokkien) 帽, 帽仔
Manila (Hokkien) 帽仔
Chaozhou 帽
Shantou 帽
Shantou (Chenghai) 帽
Jieyang 帽
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 帽
Penang (Teochew) 帽
Singapore (Teochew) 帽
Pontianak (Teochew) 帽
Puxian Min Putian 帽
Putian (Donghai) 帽
Putian (Jiangkou) 帽
Putian (Nanri) 帽, 帽囝
Xianyou 帽
Xianyou (Fengting) 帽
Xianyou (Youyang) 帽
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 帽子, 帽
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 帽
Wu Shanghai 帽子
Shanghai (Chongming) 帽子
Suzhou 帽子
Danyang 帽子
Hangzhou 帽兒
Ningbo 帽子
Wenzhou 帽
Jinhua 帽
Xiang Changsha 帽子
Loudi 帽, 帽子
Shuangfeng 帽子

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Note:
  • guang3 - Shantou;
  • guêng3 - Chaozhou.
Rime
Character 冠
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 桓 (62)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古玩切
Baxter kwanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kuɑnH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʷɑnH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kuɑnH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kwanH/
Li
Rong 		/kuɑnH/
Wang
Li 		/kuɑnH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kuɑnH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		guàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gun3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 冠
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		guàn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kwanH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*k.ʔˁor-s/
English cap (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 冠
Reading # 2/2
No. 16109
Phonetic
component 		元
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		貫
Old
Chinese 		/*kŋoːns/

Definitions[edit]

冠

  1. (literary) to put on a hat; to wear a hat
    沐猴而冠  ―  mùhóu'érguàn  ―  a macaque wearing a hat
  2. (historical) ceremony marking a male's coming of age at 20
  3. (historical, of a male) to reach adulthood
  4. to rank first; to excel; to surpass
    冠軍／冠军  ―  guànjūn  ―  champion
  5. (literary) to cover
  6. to precede (e.g. with a title); to attach; to put on
    冠夫姓  ―  guàn fūxìng  ―  to add on one's husband's surname
  7. champion; winner; victor
    奪冠／夺冠  ―  duóguàn  ―  to take first prize
  8. (linguistics) Short for 冠詞／冠词 (guàncí, “article”).
  9. a surname
Synonyms[edit]
  • (ceremony marking a male's coming of age at 20): 元服 (yuánfú)

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

冠

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. crown
  2. best, peerless

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
冠
かがふり
Grade: S
kun’yomi

/kaɡapuri/ → /kaɡafuri/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): [ka̠ɡa̠ɸɯ̟ᵝɾʲi]

Noun[edit]

冠(かがふり) • (kagafuri) 

  1. (archaic, possibly obsolete) head covering; headdress, crown
  2. (by extension, archaic) order, rank
See also[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
冠
かぶり
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spellings
被り
頭

Likely a shift from kagafuri above, ancient kagapuri. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

冠(かぶり) • (kaburi) 

  1. headdress, crown
  2. (theater) large attendance, full house
    Synonym: 大入り (ōiri)
  3. (archaic) order, rank

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
冠
かむり
Grade: S
kun’yomi

A shift from kaburi above. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

冠(かむり) • (kamuri) 

  1. headdress, crown
  2. distance from the tunnel's roof to the surface directly above it
  3. (poetry) first (traditionally, five) morae of a haiku, etc.; specifically, the first verse or line of a poem

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
冠
こうぶり
Grade: S
kun’yomi

A shift from kagafuri above, ancient kagapuri.[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): [ko̞ːbɯ̟ᵝɾʲi]

Noun[edit]

冠(こうぶり) • (kōburi) ←かうぶり (kauburi)?

  1. headdress, crown
  2. order, rank
  3. Synonym of 年爵 (“an annual salary in the Heian period”)
Compounds[edit]

Etymology 5[edit]

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
Kanji in this term
冠
かんむり
Grade: S
kun’yomi

The modern spelling. A shift from kōburi above, historical kauburi.[1] Also encountered is kanburi.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): [kã̠mbɯ̟ᵝɾʲi]

Noun[edit]

冠(かんむり) or 冠(かんぶり) • (kanmuri or kanburi) 

  1. a crown (royal headdress)
    • 1999 November 18, “冠(かんむり)を戴(いただ)く蒼(あお)き翼(つばさ)”, in Vol.6, Konami:
      頭(あたま)の毛(け)が冠(かんむり)のように見(み)える、青(あお)白(じろ)く燃(も)えるトリ。
      Atama no ke ga kanmuri no yō ni mieru, aojiroku moeru tori.
      A bluish fiery bird whose feathers on its head resemble a crown.
  2. a type of traditional cap
  3. name; title; named sponsorship of a program, event, team, etc.​
  4. the top radical of a kanji, such as 冖 as in 冠 itself
Compounds[edit]
Terms derived from かんむり
Radical names containing 冠

Proper noun[edit]

冠(かんむり) • (Kanmuri) 

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 6[edit]

Kanji in this term
冠
さか
Grade: S
irregular

Clipping of 鶏(と)冠(さか) (tosaka). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

冠(さか) • (saka) 

  1. comb, crest (of a bird, particularly a chicken or pheasant); cockscomb

Etymology 7[edit]

Kanji in this term
冠
かん
Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 冠 (MC kwan|kwanH).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

冠(かん) • (kan) ←くわん (kwan)?

  1. headpiece, crown
Derived terms[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Compounds derived from かん

Adjective[edit]

冠(かん) • (kan) ←くわん (kwan)?†-tari (adnominal 冠(かん)とした (kan to shita) or 冠(かん)たる (kan taru), adverbial 冠(かん)と (kan to) or 冠(かん)として (kan to shite))

  1. crown; champion

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 冠 (MC kwan|kwanH). Recorded as Middle Korean 관 (kwan) (Yale: kwan) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

冠 (eumhun 갓 관 (gat gwan))

  1. Hanja form? of 관 (“crown; hat”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

冠: Hán Nôm readings: quan, quán

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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