乎

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See also: 平
乎 U+4E4E, 乎
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E4E
← 乍
[U+4E4D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 乏 →
[U+4E4F]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order

Han character[edit]

乎 (Kangxi radical 4, 丿+4, 5 strokes, cangjie input 竹火木 (HFD), four-corner 20409, composition ⿻𠂌丷)

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 82, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 131
  • Dae Jaweon: page 166, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 36, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+4E4E

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 乎
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script

j11586

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Bronze inscriptions

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Small seal script

s03512

Transcribed ancient scripts

L03355

L03356

L03357

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (乎) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
罅 *qʰraːs
呼 *qʰaː
軤 *qʰaː
苸 *qʰaː
嘑 *qʰaː
歑 *qʰaː
謼 *qʰaː, *qʰaːs
滹 *qʰaː
乎 *ɢaː
虖 *qʰaː, *qʰʷa, *qʰaː, *qʰʷa
嫭 *ɢaːs

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢaː) : semantic [Term?] (“wind; air”) + phonetic 丂 (OC *kʰluːʔ, “branch”) – original form of 呼 (OC *qʰaː, “to call; to cry”). Compare 兮 (OC *ɢeː).

Etymology 1[edit]

simp. and trad.
 乎
alternative forms 𠂞
𠂠
in; at; on
Attrited or unstressed form of 於 (OC *qa) (Schuessler, 2007).

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: wu4 - rare.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 乎
Mandarin Beijing /xu⁵⁵/
Harbin /xu⁴⁴/
Tianjin /xu²¹/
Jinan /xu⁴²/
Qingdao /xu²¹³/
Zhengzhou /xu²⁴/
Xi'an /xu²¹/
Xining /xv̩⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /xu⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /xu³¹/
Ürümqi /xu⁴⁴/
Wuhan /xu⁵⁵/
Chengdu /xu³¹/
/fu³¹/
Guiyang /fu⁵⁵/
Kunming /xu⁴⁴/
Nanjing /xu³¹/
Hefei /xu²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /xu¹¹/
Pingyao /xu¹³/
Hohhot /xu³¹/
Wu Shanghai /hu⁵³/
/ɦu²³/
Suzhou /ɦəu¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦu²¹³/
Wenzhou /vu³¹/
Hui Shexian /xu³¹/
Tunxi /xu¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /fu¹³/
Xiangtan /ɸu³³/
Gan Nanchang /fu⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /fu¹¹/
Taoyuan /fu¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /fu²¹/
Nanning /fu⁵⁵/
/wu²¹/
Hong Kong /fu²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hɔ³⁵/
/hɔ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hu⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xu⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /hu³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hu²³/
Rime
Character 乎
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 戸吳切
Baxter hu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦuo/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦuo/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣo/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦɔ/
Li
Rong 		/ɣo/
Wang
Li 		/ɣu/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣuo/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hú
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wu4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 乎 乎
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hū hū
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hu › ‹ hu ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢˁa/ /*ɢˁa/
English (Q particle) in, at

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 乎
Reading # 1/1
No. 5189
Phonetic
component 		乎
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		胡
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢaː/

Definitions[edit]

乎

  1. in; at; on
    Synonym: 於／于
  2. (indicates the object of an action) with; on
    Synonym: 於／于
  3. (indicates comparison) than
    Synonym: 於／于
  4. † A suffix placed after adjectives and adverbs to express praise or amazement.
  5. † Sentence-final interrogative particle.
  6. † Sentence-final exclamatory particle.
  7. † Sentence-final imperative particle.
  8. † Sentence-final speculative particle.

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

乎

  1. Alternative form of 予 (“hō͘”)

Etymology 3[edit]

simp. and trad.
 乎
alternative forms 齁
嘑／呼
否

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: hōⁿ - “expressing doubt with a question”.

Definitions[edit]

乎

  1. (Hokkien) Sentence-final particle expressing doubt with a question, especially to ask for confirmation: right?
    街路車真濟，乎？ [Hokkien, trad.]
    街路车真济，乎？ [Hokkien, simp.]
    Koe-lō͘ chhia chin chòe, hohⁿ? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    There's so many cars on the road, right?
    你今仔日欲出去𨑨迌乎？ [Hokkien, trad. and simp.]
    Lí kin-á-li̍t beh chhut-khì chhit-thô hohⁿ? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    You're going out today to play, right?
  2. (Mainland China and Philippine Hokkien) Particle in the middle of a sentence to express a pause in speaking with slight emphasis on the preceding word: right
    我乎，欲寄你買一本冊。 [Hokkien, trad.]
    我乎，欲寄你买一本册。 [Hokkien, simp.]
    Góa hohⁿ, beh kià lí bóe chi̍t pún chheh. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    I, right, want to send you to buy a book.
    𪜶囝乎，欲做公司的經理囉。 [Hokkien, trad.]
    𪜶囝乎，欲做公司的经理啰。 [Hokkien, simp.]
    In kiáⁿ hohⁿ, beh chòe kong-si ê keng-lí lo͘h. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    Their son, right, is gonna be a company manager.
  3. (Taiwanese Hokkien) Sentence-final particle expressing a question to tease or ridicule someone
    花是你送的乎？免歹勢啦！ [Hokkien, trad.]
    花是你送的乎？免歹势啦！ [Hokkien, simp.]
    Hoe sī lí sàng ê hohⁿ? Bián pháiⁿ-sè là! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    You gave the flowers, didn't you? Don't be embarrassed!
  4. (Taiwanese Hokkien) modal particle expressing understanding, comprehension, realization: oh!
    乎，原來是按呢喔！ [Hokkien, trad.]
    乎，原来是按呢喔！ [Hokkien, simp.]
    Hohⁿ, goân-lâi sī án-ni o͘h! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    Oh! So that's how it is.
  5. (Zhangzhou Hokkien) Sentence-final particle to indicate an imperative sentence
    你逐個月著寄批來乎。 [Hokkien, trad.]
    你逐个月着寄批来乎。 [Hokkien, simp.]
    Lí ta̍k kò goe̍h tio̍h kià phe lâi hohⁿ. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    You send a letter every month, okay?

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

乎

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
乎
か
Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 乎 – see the following entry.
【か】H
[particle] final interrogative particle, similar to a question mark ("?").
[particle] particle marking alternatives in a list; "or"
[particle] whether (or not)
[particle] indication of doubt
[prefix] (emphatic, before an adjective, non-productive) very
[suffix] forms 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi, “-na adjectives”) from stems, indicating the state or feeling of an object
Alternative spelling
歟
(This term, 乎, is an alternative spelling (literary, obsolete) of the above term.)

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

乎 (eumhun 어조사 호 (eojosa ho))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References[edit]

Old Korean[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From the Middle Chinese reading 乎 (MC hu).

Phonogram[edit]

乎 (*-wo or *-hwo)

  1. A syllabic phonogram denoting either final syllable *-wo or *-hwo

Etymology 2[edit]

Suffix[edit]

乎 (*-wo)

  1. A very common verbal suffix, sometimes called the "modulator" in English, whose meaning is disputed. See the Middle Korean entry 오 (-wo) for more.
Descendants[edit]
  • Middle Korean: 오 (-wo, yang-vowel modulator suffix)

Etymology 3[edit]

Suffix[edit]

乎 (*-wo)

  1. An adverb-deriving suffix.
Descendants[edit]
  • Middle Korean: 오 (-wo, yang-vowel adverb-deriving suffix)

Etymology 4[edit]

Verb[edit]

乎 (*h(oy)-wo)

  1. Form with modulator suffix of 爲 (*ho(y)-, “to do”)

References[edit]

  • 황선엽 (Hwang Seon-yeop), 이전경 (Yi Jeon-gyeong), 하귀녀 (Ha Gwi-nyeo), 이용 (Yi Yong), 박진호 (Park Jin-ho), 김성주 (Kim Seong-ju), 장경준 (Jang Gyeong-jun), 서민욱 (Seo Min-uk), 이지영 (Yi Ji-yeong), 서형국 (Seo Hyeong-guk). (2009) 석독구결사전/釋讀口訣辭典 [Dictionary of interpretive gugyeol], Bakmunsa, →ISBN, pages 393—396

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

乎: Hán Việt readings: hồ, hô
乎: Nôm readings: hồ

  1. (Literary Chinese) sentence final particle expressing a question.
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