亡

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亡 U+4EA1, 亡
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EA1
← 亠
[U+4EA0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 亢 →
[U+4EA2]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
3 strokes

Han character[edit]

亡 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+1, 3 strokes, cangjie input 卜女 (YV), four-corner 00710, composition ⿱亠𠃊(GV) or ⿱亠㇄(HTJK) or ⿱丶匸 or ⿱丨匸)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 88, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 287
  • Dae Jaweon: page 184, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 279, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4EA1

Chinese[edit]

trad. 亡
simp. # 亡
alternative forms 亾
𬼖

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 亡
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script

j27316

j27317

j27318

j27319

j27320

j27321

j27322

j27323

j27324

j27325

j27326

j27327

j27328

j27329

j27330

j27331

j27332

j27333

j27334

j27335

j27336

j27337

j27338

j27339

j27340

j27341

j27342

j27343

j27344

j27345

j27346

j27347

j27348

j27349

j27350

j27351

j27352

j27353

j27354

j27355

j27356

j27357

j27358

j27359

j27360

j27361

j27362

j27363

j27364

j27365

j27366

j27367

j27368

j27369

j27370

j27371

j27372

j27373

j27374

j27375

j27376

j27377

j27378

j27379

j27380

j27381

j27382

j27383

j27384

j27385

j27386

j27387

j27388

j27389

j27390

j27391

j27392

j27393

j27394

j27395

j27396

j27397

j27398

j27399

j27400

j27401

j27402

j27403

j27404

j27405

j27406

j27407

j27408

j27409

j27410

j27411

j27412

j27413

j27414

j27415

j27416

j27417

j27418

j27419

j27420

j27421

j27422

j27423

j27424

j27425

j27426

j27427

j27428

j27429

j27430

j27431

j27432

j27433

j27434

j27435

j27436

j27437

j27438

j27439

j27440

j27441

j27442

j27443

j27444

j27445

j27446

j27447

j27448

j27449

j27450

j27451

j27452

j27453

j27454

j27455

j27456

j27457

j27458

j27459

j27460

j27461

j27462

j27463

j27464

j27465

j27466

j27467

j27468

j27469

j27470

Bronze inscriptions

b17680

b17681

b17682

b17683

b17684

b17685

b17686

b17687

b17688

b17689

b17690

b17691

b17692

b17693

b17694

b17695

b17696

b17697

b17698

b17699

b17700

b17701

b17702

b17703

b17704

b17705

b17706

b17707

b17708

b17709

b17710

b17711

b17712

b17713

Small seal script

s09433

Transcribed ancient scripts

L32570

L32571

L09148

L09149

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (亡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
忙 *maːŋ
芒 *maːŋ, *maŋ
茫 *maːŋ
恾 *maːŋ
吂 *maːŋ, *maːŋs
汒 *maːŋ, *maŋs
朚 *maːŋ, *hmaːŋ, *maŋ, *mraːŋ, *mraːŋs
邙 *maːŋ, *maŋ
杗 *maːŋ, *maŋ
荒 *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs
肓 *hmaːŋ
衁 *hmaːŋ
巟 *hmaːŋ
詤 *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ, *hmaŋʔ
慌 *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ
謊 *hmaːŋʔ
喪 *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ
亡 *maŋ
望 *maŋ, *maŋs
莣 *maŋ
朢 *maŋ, *maŋs
鋩 *maŋ
硭 *maŋ
忘 *maŋ, *maŋs
网 *mlaŋʔ
罔 *mlaŋʔ
蛧 *maŋʔ
網 *mlaŋʔ
輞 *maŋʔ
棢 *maŋʔ
惘 *maŋʔ
菵 *maŋʔ
誷 *maŋʔ
魍 *maŋʔ
妄 *maŋs
盲 *mraːŋ
蝱 *mraːŋ
虻 *mraːŋ
氓 *mraːŋ
甿 *mraːŋ

Ideogram (指事) : a line on 刀 – cutting edge of a knife; the original form of 芒 (OC *maːŋ, *maŋ, “edge of a knife”).

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ. Cognate with 忘 (OC *maŋ, *maŋs, “to forget”), 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ, “to not have”), 荒 (OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs, “to waste (land, time)”) and 喪 (OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ, “to lose”).

The meaning of Pronunciation 2 is attested by the Oracle bone script. It is traditionally considered to be a variant of 無 (OC *ma), and its reading is thus semantically applied. However, evidence shows that its meaning was more similar to "無之" ("to not have it, to have none"), and Shijing rhymes suggests that it originally was read like Pronunciation 1, which suggests that it was ultimately also from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ (Pulleyblank, 1995).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • 3maan - vernacular;
  • 3vaan - literary.
    Rime
    Character 亡
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 明 (4)
    Final (韻) 陽 (106)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 武方切
    Baxter mjang
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/mʉɐŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/mʷiɐŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/miuɑŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/muaŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/miuaŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/mĭwaŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/miwaŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		wáng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		mong4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 亡
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		wáng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ mjang ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*maŋ/
    English flee; disappear; die

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 亡
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 12662
    Phonetic
    component         		亡
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		亡
    Old
    Chinese         		/*maŋ/

    Definitions[edit]

    亡

    1. to run away; to flee; to escape
      逃亡  ―  táowáng  ―  to flee
    2. to lose
      亡佚  ―  wángyì  ―  to be lost
      亡羊補牢／亡羊补牢  ―  wángyángbǔláo  ―  to repair the pen after sheep is lost
    3. (intransitive) to be destroyed; to become extinct; to die out
      滅亡／灭亡  ―  mièwáng  ―  to perish
    4. (transitive) to destroy; to annihilate; to exterminate
    5. to die
      死亡  ―  sǐwáng  ―  to die
      亡妻  ―  wángqī  ―  deceased wife
    6. † Alternative form of 忘 (wàng, “to forget”)
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (to run away):
    • (to lose):
    • (to be destroyed):
    • (to destroy):
    • (to die):
    Dialectal synonyms of 死 (“to die”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 死, 亡, 歿, 卒
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 死, 死亡, 亡故, 喪生, 喪命, 去世 †, 過世 †, 逝世 †, 離世 †, 下世 †, 不在 †, 過去 †, 仙逝 †, 歸天 †, 歸西 †, 升天 †, 作古 †, 長眠 †, 閉眼 †, 故去 †, ‡, 故世 †, ‡, 一命嗚呼
    Mandarin Beijing 死, 故去 †, 老 †, ‡, 踹腿 ¤, 踹腿兒 ¤, 踹 ¤, 回姥姥家 ¤, 毛兒提 Hui
    Taiwan 死, 過世 †
    Harbin 死, 老 †, ‡, 伸腿兒 ¤, 伸腿 ¤, 蹬腿兒 ¤, 奔兒咕 ¤, 桿兒屁 §, 桿兒細 §, 吹燈拔蠟
    Yantai (Muping) 死, 老 †, ‡, 上西天 §
    Jinan 死, 歿, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 不在 †, ‡, 王八 §, 完蛋, 完錢, 完活, 無常 Hui, 歸主 Hui, 歸真 Hui
    Luoyang 死, 過去, 過世, 下世, 亡故, 不在, 升天, 去世 †, 老 †, ‡, 擱那兒 ¤
    Wanrong 死, 歿, 老 †, ‡
    Xi'an 死, 不在 †, 老 †, ‡, 無常 Hui
    Yinchuan 死, 走 †, 歿 Hui, 歸真 Hui, 冒提 Hui, 口喚 Hui, 無常 Hui, 完 Hui
    Lanzhou 死, 過世 †, 緩下 †, 躺下 †
    Xining 歿
    Ürümqi 死, 過世 †, 不在 †
    Wuhan 死, 過身 †, 去 †, 老 †, ‡, 去回 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 瓜碼子 ¤, 瓜 ¤, 西皮
    Chengdu 死, 過去 †, 不在 †, 去 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 撬桿兒 §, 撬桿 §, 翹辮子 §, 見馬克思, 歸天, 去陰國, 爬高煙囪, 落氣, 冰凊, 沒脈
    Guiyang 死, 過世 †, 成神 †, ‡, 百年歸天 †, ‡, 嗚呼 ¤
    Liuzhou 死, 沒得脈, 過世 †, 過身 †, 沒在 †, 哦嚄
    Yangzhou 死, 不在 †, 走 †, 家去吃去 ¤, 家去 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 駝條 §
    Nanjing 死, 過世 †, 歸天 †, ‡, 不在 †, 嗝兒得 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤
    Hefei 死, 不在 †, 老 †
    Singapore 死, 死掉, 死翹翹, 過世 †, 去世 †, 上天堂 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 †
    Cantonese Guangzhou 死, 過身 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 百年歸老 †, ‡, 去別有天 †, ¤, 去大煙筒 †, ¤, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 收檔 ¤, 攞竇 ¤, 進竇 §, 瓜竇, 直, 瓜直, 死直, 攤直, 雙腳撐直, 伸直腳, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 褸席, 歸西, 歸天, 食黃泥, 入黃泥窿, 入窿, 玩完, 嫌米貴, 瞇埋眼, 一 argot
    Hong Kong 死, 過身 †, 走 †, 香 †, 去 †, 唔喺度 †, 百年歸老 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 †, 兩腳一伸 †, 仙遊 †, 拜拜 †, 去閻羅王處報到 †, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 釘蓋, 釘, 直, 歸西, 玩完, ham
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 過身
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 過身
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 過身, 死
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 過身
    Macau 過身, 去
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 過身, 死
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 死
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 過身, 死
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 去歸, 過身
    Foshan 過身, 死
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 死, 過身
    Foshan (Shunde) 過身
    Foshan (Sanshui) 過身
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 死
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 過身
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 死
    Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 過身, 死
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 死, 過身
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 過身, 死
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 死, 過身
    Taishan 死, 善, 去
    Kaiping (Chikan) 死, 登仙
    Enping (Niujiang) 過身, 死
    Heshan (Yayao) 死
    Dongguan 死, 老 †, 去返 †, 去舊時嗰處 †, 視埋眼 †, 伸直腳 †, 入罌 †, 拉柴 §, 去大煙筒 §
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 死, 過身
    Yangjiang 死, 過輩 †, 老 †, ‡, 老大 †, ‡
    Singapore (Guangfu) 死, 過身 †
    Gan Nanchang 死, 過世 †, 老 †
    Lichuan 死
    Pingxiang 死, 過 †, 走路 †, 老 †, ‡, 去
    Hakka Meixian 死, 老, 過身 †, 消 †, 老壽 †, ‡
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 過身, 香 †
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 過身, 死
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 死, 過身
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 死
    Conghua (Lütian) 死, 過身
    Yudu 死, 過世 †, 過套 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †, 轉該背 †, 歸仙 †, 轉老外婆裡 ¤
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 死, 過身 †
    Hong Kong 過身, 老
    Huizhou Jixi 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過身 †, 不在 †, 過老 §, 過邊 §, 進棺材 §, 進風水 §, 翹扁 §, ¤
    Jin Taiyuan 死, 沒啦 †, 走 †, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 老客 †, ‡
    Xinzhou 死, 回老家 †, 硬 §, 㞗朝天 of a man, vulgar, 倒蕎麥皮
    Northern Min Jian'ou 死, 過身 †, 老 †, ‡
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 死, 過去 †, 過世 †, 過後 †, 歸西 †, 百歲 †, 老去 †, ‡, 堯街去 ¤, 堯生去 ¤, 溜翹 ¤, 殂 ¤, 去算米數 ¤, 去外媽食齋 ¤, 去外媽 ¤, 去䁐廬山 ¤, 去厝去 ¤, 睏長暝眠 ¤, 翹齋 ¤, 揭兜去 ¤, 拔直去 ¤, 上天去 ¤, 生去 ¤, 𣪟去 ¤, 䁐松柏樹 ¤, 䁐松柏 ¤, 轉祖 §
    Southern Min Xiamen 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 㾀 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 §
    Quanzhou 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 無去 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 §
    Zhangzhou 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 起身 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 誆牽 §, 㾀 §, 㾀歹 §, 馬滴 §
    Taipei 死去, 老 †, 過身 †
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 過身 †
    Kaohsiung 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
    Yilan 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 過往 †
    Changhua (Lukang) 死去, 老 †, 無去 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
    Taichung 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †
    Tainan 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
    Hsinchu 曲去, 去咯 †, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 †
    Kinmen 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 行去 †
    Penghu (Magong) 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 †
    Singapore (Hokkien) 死, 馬滴, 死翹翹, 過身 †, 百年 †, 百歲 †, 過氣 †, 起車 †, 老去 †, 老咯 †, 行去 †, 蟯去 †, 吭跤翹 †, 交登記 †
    Manila (Hokkien) 死, 死去, 過面 †, 過身 †
    Chaozhou 死, 過身 †, 過世 †
    Jieyang 過身, 吭跤翹, 吭翹
    Singapore (Teochew) 死, 過身
    Leizhou 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過目焗 ¤, 直筒 §, 刮薯減米 §
    Haikou 死, 過層 †, ‡, 老 †, ‡, 貓使 §
    Singapore (Hainanese) 死
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 死
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 死, 瓜老襯, 過世, 歸西
    Wu Shanghai 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 一腳去 †, 翹辮子 §, ¤, 彈老三 §, 翹老三 §
    Shanghai (Chongming) 死, 老 †, 故 †, 翹辮子 ¤
    Suzhou 死, 壞, 去, 過世 †, 翹辮子 §
    Danyang 死
    Hangzhou 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 翹辮兒 ¤, 到龍駒塢去
    Ningbo 死, 翹辮子 §, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 死脫 §, 燂茶, 山裡去, 吃豆腐羹, 嘸沒來的 †, 老 †
    Wenzhou 死, 冇 †, 過輩 †, ‡, 蹻 ¤
    Jinhua 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 弗在 †, 老 †, ‡
    Xiang Changsha 死, 過 †, 去 †, 瓜, 彈, 彈四郎
    Loudi 死, 過世 †, 故 †, 上岸 †
    Shuangfeng 死, 過世 †, 故 †
    Note † - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful
    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 亡
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		wáng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ mjang ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*maŋ/
    English flee; disappear; die

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 亡
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 12662
    Phonetic
    component         		亡
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		亡
    Old
    Chinese         		/*maŋ/

    Definitions[edit]

    亡

    1. † Alternative form of 無／无 (“not have”)
    2. † Alternative form of 毋 (wú, “don't”)

    References[edit]

    • 諸橋轍次 (Morohashi Tetsuji), chief ed. 大漢和辞典 (Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, “Comprehensive Chinese–Japanese Dictionary”). 13 vols. 1955–1960. Revised and enlarged ed. 1984–1986. Tokyo: Taishukan.

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    亡

    (grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. destroy
    2. fall; collapse
    3. not exist; nonexistent
    4. run away

    Readings[edit]

    As an alternative form of 無 (“not”):

    Compounds[edit]

    Compound words that contain 亡
    Common
    Uncommon
    Rare

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 亡 (MC mjang).

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    亡 (eumhun 망할 망 (manghal mang))

    1. Hanja form? of 망 (“destroy; collapse”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Related to Middle Chinese 無 (MC mju).

    Hanja[edit]

    亡 (eumhun 없을 무 (eopseul mu))

    1. Alternative form of 無 (“Hanja form? of 무 (“not”).”)

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    亡: Hán Nôm readings: vong, vô

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    References[edit]

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