惡

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See also: 悪, 恶, 亞, and 噩
惡 U+60E1, 惡
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-60E1
← 惠
[U+60E0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 惢 →
[U+60E2]
惡 U+F9B9, 惡
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9B9
← 隸
[U+F9B8] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 了 →
[U+F9BA]

Translingual[edit]

Traditional 惡
Shinjitai 悪
Simplified 恶

Han character[edit]

惡 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一一心 (MMP), four-corner 10331, composition ⿱亞心)

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

  • Japanese: 𛀅

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 391, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10824
  • Dae Jaweon: page 724, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2307, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+60E1

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 惡
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (亞) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
椏 *qaːʔ, *qraː
錏 *qraː
鵶 *qraː
啞 *qraːʔ, *qraːɡs, *qraːɡ, *qraːɡ
瘂 *qraːʔ
亞 *qraːɡs
婭 *qraːɡs
俹 *qraːɡs
稏 *qraːɡs
惡 *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ
噁 *qaːɡs
堊 *qaːɡ
蝁 *qaːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ) : phonetic 亞 (OC *qraːɡs) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

Etymology 1[edit]

trad. 惡
simp. 恶*
alternative forms
 
僫／𱏀 (oh) Hokkien (common)
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
僫／𱏀 (oh) Hokkien (common)
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
䛩／𲂉

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔak (“bad”); cognate with Tibetan ཨག་པོ (ag po, “bad”) (Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007). Also related to Thai ยาก (yâak, “difficult”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.
Note:
  • ok - literary (“hostile; to reprimand”);
  • oh - vernacular (“difficult; slow”).
Note:
  • ag4 - literary;
  • oh4 - vernacular (“difficult”).
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 惡 (善惡)
Mandarin Beijing /ɤ⁵¹/
Harbin /ɤ⁴⁴/
/nɤ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /nɤ⁵³/
Jinan /ŋə²¹³/
Qingdao /və⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ɤ²⁴/
Xi'an /ŋɤ²¹/
Xining /nu⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ə¹³/
Lanzhou /ə¹³/
Ürümqi /ŋɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /uo²¹³/
Chengdu /ŋo³¹/
/o³¹/
Guiyang /ŋo²¹/
Kunming /o³¹/
Nanjing /oʔ⁵/
Hefei /ʐɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /ɣaʔ²/
Pingyao /ŋʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /ŋaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /oʔ⁵/
Suzhou /oʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /ʔoʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /o²¹³/
Hui Shexian /ŋɔʔ²¹/
Tunxi /ŋo⁵/
Xiang Changsha /o²⁴/
Xiangtan /o²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /ŋɔʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /ok̚¹/
Taoyuan /ok̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ɔk̚³/
Nanning /ɔk̚³³/
Hong Kong /ɔk̚³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ok̚³²/
/oʔ³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ɔuʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ɔ²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /ak̚²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ɔk̚⁵/
Rime
Character 惡
Reading # 3/3
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 唐 (103)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 烏各切
Baxter 'ak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʔɑk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʔɑk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʔɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʔak̚/
Li
Rong 		/ʔɑk̚/
Wang
Li 		/ɑk̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʔɑk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		e
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ok3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 惡
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		è
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ʔak ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔˁak/
English bad, ugly

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 惡
Reading # 3/3
No. 14220
Phonetic
component 		亞
Rime
group 		鐸
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		惡
Old
Chinese 		/*qaːɡ/

Definitions[edit]

惡

  1. evil; wicked; foul
    惡毒／恶毒  ―  èdú  ―  malicious
    他經常作惡，這回終於犯事了。 [MSC, trad.]
    他经常作恶，这回终于犯事了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā jīngcháng zuò'è, zhè huí zhōngyú fànshì le. [Pinyin]
    He often does bad things and has finally been caught.
    Antonym: 善 (shàn)
  2. fierce; hostile; ferocious
    惡戰／恶战  ―  èzhàn  ―  to fight fiercely
    內有惡犬／内有恶犬  ―  nèi yǒu è quǎn  ―  there is a fierce dog inside
    佢心情唔好就好惡㗎喇。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    佢心情唔好就好恶㗎喇。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    keoi5 sam1 cing4 m4 hou2 zau6 hou2 ok3 gaa3 laa3. [Jyutping]
    When he's upset, he gets really hostile.
  3. (Cantonese, transitive) to be hostile against (someone)
  4. bad; poor
    惡習／恶习  ―  èxí  ―  bad habits
    惡化／恶化  ―  èhuà  ―  to deteriorate
  5. (Cantonese, Southern Min) difficult
    呢單嘢好惡搞。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    呢单嘢好恶搞。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ni1 daan1 je5 hou2 ok3 gaau2. [Jyutping]
    This is really hard to deal with.
  6. (Quanzhou, Xiamen and Philippine Hokkien) to verbally abuse; to reprimand; to curse; to rebuke
  7. (Taiwanese Hokkien) slow
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 難 (“difficult”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 難, 困難, 艱難
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 難, 困難, 艱難
Mandarin Beijing 難
Taiwan 難
Jinan 難
Xi'an 難
Wuhan 難
Chengdu 難
Guilin 難
Yangzhou 難
Hefei 難
Singapore 難
Cantonese Guangzhou 難, 惡 †
Hong Kong 難, 惡 †
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 難
Taishan 難, 惡 †
Yangjiang 難, 惡 †
Singapore (Guangfu) 難
Gan Nanchang 難
Hakka Meixian 難
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 難
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 難
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 難
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 難
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 難
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 難
Jin Taiyuan 難
Northern Min Jian'ou 難
Eastern Min Fuzhou 艱難, 難
Southern Min Xiamen 惡, 艱苦, 歹 †
Quanzhou 惡
Jinjiang 難
Zhangzhou 惡
Zhao'an 惡, 䆀 †
Dongshan 惡
Taipei 惡
New Taipei (Sanxia) 惡
Kaohsiung 惡
Yilan 惡
Changhua (Lukang) 惡
Taichung 惡
Tainan 惡, 歹 †
Hsinchu 惡
Kinmen 惡
Penghu (Magong) 惡
Penang (Hokkien) 艱苦, 歹 †
Singapore (Hokkien) 惡, 艱苦, 歹 †
Manila (Hokkien) 艱苦, 惡, 歹 †
Chaozhou 惡
Shantou 難, 惡
Shantou (Chenghai) 惡
Jieyang 惡, 艱苦
Haifeng 惡
Singapore (Teochew) 惡, 歹 †
Wenchang 惡
Haikou 惡
Singapore (Hainanese) 惡
Wu Suzhou 難
Wenzhou 難
Xiang Changsha 難
Shuangfeng 難
Note † - only used with a verbal complement
Dialectal synonyms of 慢 (“slow”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 慢, 緩慢
Mandarin Beijing 慢
Taiwan 慢
Jinan 慢
Xi'an 慢
Wuhan 慢
Chengdu 慢
Yangzhou 慢
Hefei 慢
Malaysia 慢
Singapore 慢
Cantonese Guangzhou 慢, 嚤
Hong Kong 慢, 嚤
Yangjiang 慢
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 慢
Singapore (Guangfu) 慢
Gan Nanchang 慢
Hakka Meixian 慢
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 慢
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 慢
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 慢
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 慢
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 慢
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 慢
Kuching (Hepo) 慢
Jin Taiyuan 慢
Northern Min Jian'ou 慢
Eastern Min Fuzhou 慢
Southern Min Xiamen 慢
Quanzhou 慢
Zhangzhou 慢
Taipei 慢, 惡
New Taipei (Sanxia) 慢, 惡
Kaohsiung 慢, 惡
Yilan 慢, 惡
Changhua (Lukang) 慢, 惡
Taichung 慢, 惡
Tainan 慢, 惡
Hsinchu 慢, 惡
Kinmen 慢, 惡
Penghu (Magong) 慢, 惡
Penang (Hokkien) 慢, 惡
Singapore (Hokkien) 慢
Manila (Hokkien) 慢
Chaozhou 慢
Shantou 慢
Singapore (Teochew) 慢
Wenchang 慢
Singapore (Hainanese) 慢
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 慢
Wu Shanghai 慢
Suzhou 慢
Ningbo 慢, 緩
Wenzhou 慢
Xiang Changsha 慢
Shuangfeng 慢

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (惡):

Etymology 2[edit]

trad. 惡
simp. 恶*
alternative forms
 
僫／𱏀
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
僫／𱏀
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
䛩／𲂉

Exoactive of etymology 1 (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 惡
Reading # 2/3
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 烏路切
Baxter 'uH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʔuoH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʔuoH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʔoH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʔɔH/
Li
Rong 		/ʔoH/
Wang
Li 		/uH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʔuoH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		wù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wu3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 惡
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		wù
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ʔuH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔˁak-s/
English hate (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 惡
Reading # 2/3
No. 14219
Phonetic
component 		亞
Rime
group 		暮
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		汙
Old
Chinese 		/*qaːɡs/

Definitions[edit]

惡

  1. to hate; to loathe; to dislike
    厭惡／厌恶  ―  yànwù  ―  to loathe

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

trad. 惡
simp. 恶*
alternative forms
 
僫／𱏀
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
僫／𱏀
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
䛩／𲂉

Cognate with 安 (OC *qaːn, “where; how”), 焉 (OC *qan, “where; how”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 惡
Reading # 1/3
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 哀都切
Baxter 'u
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʔuo/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʔuo/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʔo/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʔɔ/
Li
Rong 		/ʔo/
Wang
Li 		/u/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʔuo/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		wū
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wu1
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 惡
Reading # 1/3
No. 14217
Phonetic
component 		亞
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		烏
Old
Chinese 		/*qaː/

Definitions[edit]

惡

  1. † An interrogative pronoun: how
  2. † Interjection used to express surprise: oh; ah

Compounds[edit]

See also[edit]

Etymology 4[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of 惡 – see 噁.
(This character is a variant traditional form of 噁).

Etymology 5[edit]

trad. 惡
simp. 恶*
alternative forms 污
屙
涴

Probably related to etymologies 1 and 2 (Zhengzhang, 2011b; Xiang, 2019). Alternatively, 涴 (MC 'waH, “to soil; to stain”) has been proposed to be the etymon (Cao, 2008).

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

惡

  1. (Wu) excrement
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 屎 (“faeces”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 糞, 屎, 糞便, 大便, 大恭
Mandarin Beijing 屎, 大外, 㞎㞎 childish
Taiwan 大便, 屎
Harbin 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
Yantai (Muping) 屎
Jinan 屎, 大糞, 㞎㞎 childish
Luoyang 屎, 屎㞎㞎 childish
Wanrong 屎
Xi'an 屎
Yinchuan 屎
Lanzhou 屎
Xining 大便
Ürümqi 屎
Wuhan 㞎㞎, 屎, 大糞, 糞, 糟兒 slang, 米田共 argot
Chengdu 屎, 屎㞎衣兒, 㞎㞎 childish, 屎㞎㞎 childish
Guiyang 屎, 㞎㞎 childish, 屎㞎兒 childish
Liuzhou 屎, 癟, 大便
Xuzhou 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
Yangzhou 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
Nanjing 屎
Malaysia 屎, 大便
Singapore 屎, 大便
Cantonese Guangzhou 屎, 茄
Hong Kong 屎, 茄, 大便, 米田共 slang, 便便 childish, 唔唔 childish, 臭臭 childish, 坺坺 childish
Macau 屎
Zhuhai (Doumen) 屎, 茄
Dongguan 屎
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 屎
Penang (Guangfu) 屎
Singapore (Guangfu) 屎
Gan Nanchang 屎
Lichuan 屎
Pingxiang 屎
Hakka Meixian 屎, 大糞
Yudu 屎
Kuching (Hepo) 屎
Huizhou Jixi 屎, 練 childish
Jin Taiyuan 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
Northern Min Jian'ou 屎
Eastern Min Fuzhou 屎
Southern Min Xiamen 屎
Quanzhou 屎
Zhangzhou 屎
Tainan 屎, 大便 GT
Penang (Hokkien) 屎
Singapore (Hokkien) 屎
Manila (Hokkien) 屎
Chaozhou 屎
Singapore (Teochew) 屎
Leizhou 屎
Haikou 屎
Singapore (Hainanese) 屎
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 屎
Wu Shanghai 惡, 大解 dated
Shanghai (Chongming) 惡
Suzhou 惡
Danyang 屎
Hangzhou 惡
Ningbo 惡
Wenzhou 惡
Jinhua 惡
Xiang Changsha 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
Loudi 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Shinjitai

悪

Kyūjitai

惡

Kanji[edit]

惡

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 悪)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings[edit]

Korean[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Middle Chinese 惡 (MC 'ak).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅙᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: qák)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 모〯딜 (Yale: mwǒtìl) 악〮 (Yale: ák)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

惡 (eumhun 악할 악 (akhal ak))

  1. Hanja form? of 악 (“evil; wickedness”). [noun]
Compounds[edit]
Compounds

Etymology 2[edit]

From Middle Chinese 惡 (MC 'uH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅙᅩᆼ〮 (Yale: qwó)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 아쳐 (Yale: achye) 오 (Yale: wo)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

惡 (eumhun 미워할 오 (miwohal o))

  1. Hanja form? of 오 (“to hate”). [affix]
Compounds[edit]
Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Tày[edit]

Adjective[edit]

惡 (ác)

  1. Nôm form of ác (“much, evil”).

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

惡: Hán Nôm readings: ác, ố

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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